diff --git a/src/main/java/org/codelibs/fesen/opensearch/action/search/SearchResponse.java b/src/main/java/org/codelibs/fesen/opensearch/action/search/SearchResponse.java
index b42f441a..772cead6 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/codelibs/fesen/opensearch/action/search/SearchResponse.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/codelibs/fesen/opensearch/action/search/SearchResponse.java
@@ -129,6 +129,69 @@ public SearchResponse(StreamInput in) throws IOException {
         pointInTimeId = in.readOptionalString();
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Creates a new SearchResponse that is not tied to a point in time and has no phase timings.
+     *
+     * @param internalResponse the response sections
+     * @param scrollId the scroll identifier, or null
+     * @param totalShards the number of shards the request went to
+     * @param successfulShards the number of shards that answered
+     * @param skippedShards the number of shards that were skipped
+     * @param tookInMillis how long the request took, in milliseconds
+     * @param shardFailures the shard failures
+     * @param clusters the clusters the request went to
+     */
+    public SearchResponse(
+        SearchResponseSections internalResponse,
+        String scrollId,
+        int totalShards,
+        int successfulShards,
+        int skippedShards,
+        long tookInMillis,
+        ShardSearchFailure[] shardFailures,
+        Clusters clusters
+    ) {
+        this(internalResponse, scrollId, totalShards, successfulShards, skippedShards, tookInMillis, null, shardFailures, clusters, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new SearchResponse with no phase timings.
+     *
+     * @param internalResponse the response sections
+     * @param scrollId the scroll identifier, or null
+     * @param totalShards the number of shards the request went to
+     * @param successfulShards the number of shards that answered
+     * @param skippedShards the number of shards that were skipped
+     * @param tookInMillis how long the request took, in milliseconds
+     * @param shardFailures the shard failures
+     * @param clusters the clusters the request went to
+     * @param pointInTimeId the point-in-time identifier, or null
+     */
+    public SearchResponse(
+        SearchResponseSections internalResponse,
+        String scrollId,
+        int totalShards,
+        int successfulShards,
+        int skippedShards,
+        long tookInMillis,
+        ShardSearchFailure[] shardFailures,
+        Clusters clusters,
+        String pointInTimeId
+    ) {
+        this(
+            internalResponse,
+            scrollId,
+            totalShards,
+            successfulShards,
+            skippedShards,
+            tookInMillis,
+            null,
+            shardFailures,
+            clusters,
+            pointInTimeId
+        );
+    }
+
     public SearchResponse(
         SearchResponseSections internalResponse,
         String scrollId,
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/codelibs/fesen/opensearch/action/search/ShardSearchFailure.java b/src/main/java/org/codelibs/fesen/opensearch/action/search/ShardSearchFailure.java
index 511ab0e8..4f37e31e 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/codelibs/fesen/opensearch/action/search/ShardSearchFailure.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/codelibs/fesen/opensearch/action/search/ShardSearchFailure.java
@@ -82,6 +82,15 @@ public class ShardSearchFailure extends ShardOperationFailedException {
         cause = in.readException();
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Creates a new ShardSearchFailure for a failure that is not tied to a shard.
+     *
+     * @param e the exception that caused the failure
+     */
+    public ShardSearchFailure(Exception e) {
+        this(e, null);
+    }
+
     public ShardSearchFailure(Exception e, @Nullable SearchShardTarget shardTarget) {
         this(e, ExceptionsHelper.unwrapCause(e), shardTarget);
     }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/codelibs/fesen/opensearch/search/SearchHits.java b/src/main/java/org/codelibs/fesen/opensearch/search/SearchHits.java
index 090fbcf9..49bf0eee 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/codelibs/fesen/opensearch/search/SearchHits.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/codelibs/fesen/opensearch/search/SearchHits.java
@@ -75,6 +75,25 @@ public final class SearchHits implements Writeable, ToXContentFragment, Iterable
     @Nullable
     private final Object[] collapseValues;
 
+    /**
+     * Returns hits that carry nothing, with a total hit count of zero.
+     *
+     * @return the empty hits
+     */
+    public static SearchHits empty() {
+        return empty(true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns hits that carry nothing.
+     *
+     * @param withTotalHits whether to report a total hit count of zero rather than none at all
+     * @return the empty hits
+     */
+    public static SearchHits empty(boolean withTotalHits) {
+        return new SearchHits(EMPTY, withTotalHits ? new TotalHits(0, TotalHits.Relation.EQUAL_TO) : null, 0);
+    }
+
     public SearchHits(SearchHit[] hits, @Nullable TotalHits totalHits, float maxScore) {
         this(hits, totalHits, maxScore, null, null, null);
     }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/codelibs/fesen/opensearch/search/internal/InternalSearchResponse.java b/src/main/java/org/codelibs/fesen/opensearch/search/internal/InternalSearchResponse.java
index 77762d88..d5a651e6 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/codelibs/fesen/opensearch/search/internal/InternalSearchResponse.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/codelibs/fesen/opensearch/search/internal/InternalSearchResponse.java
@@ -58,6 +58,93 @@
 @PublicApi(since = "1.0.0")
 public class InternalSearchResponse extends SearchResponseSections implements Writeable, ToXContentFragment {
 
+    /**
+     * Returns a response that carries no hits.
+     *
+     * @return the empty response
+     */
+    public static InternalSearchResponse empty() {
+        return empty(true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a response that carries no hits.
+     *
+     * @param withTotalHits whether to report a total hit count of zero rather than none at all
+     * @return the empty response
+     */
+    public static InternalSearchResponse empty(boolean withTotalHits) {
+        return new InternalSearchResponse(SearchHits.empty(withTotalHits), null, null, null, false, null, 1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new InternalSearchResponse with no search extensions and no processor results.
+     *
+     * @param hits the hits
+     * @param aggregations the aggregations
+     * @param suggest the suggestions
+     * @param profileResults the profile results
+     * @param timedOut whether the query timed out
+     * @param terminatedEarly whether collection stopped early
+     * @param numReducePhases the number of reduce phases
+     */
+    public InternalSearchResponse(
+        SearchHits hits,
+        InternalAggregations aggregations,
+        Suggest suggest,
+        SearchProfileShardResults profileResults,
+        boolean timedOut,
+        Boolean terminatedEarly,
+        int numReducePhases
+    ) {
+        this(
+            hits,
+            aggregations,
+            suggest,
+            profileResults,
+            timedOut,
+            terminatedEarly,
+            numReducePhases,
+            Collections.emptyList(),
+            Collections.emptyList()
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new InternalSearchResponse with no processor results.
+     *
+     * @param hits the hits
+     * @param aggregations the aggregations
+     * @param suggest the suggestions
+     * @param profileResults the profile results
+     * @param timedOut whether the query timed out
+     * @param terminatedEarly whether collection stopped early
+     * @param numReducePhases the number of reduce phases
+     * @param searchExtBuilderList the search extensions
+     */
+    public InternalSearchResponse(
+        SearchHits hits,
+        InternalAggregations aggregations,
+        Suggest suggest,
+        SearchProfileShardResults profileResults,
+        boolean timedOut,
+        Boolean terminatedEarly,
+        int numReducePhases,
+        List<SearchExtBuilder> searchExtBuilderList
+    ) {
+        this(
+            hits,
+            aggregations,
+            suggest,
+            profileResults,
+            timedOut,
+            terminatedEarly,
+            numReducePhases,
+            searchExtBuilderList,
+            Collections.emptyList()
+        );
+    }
+
     public InternalSearchResponse(
         SearchHits hits,
         InternalAggregations aggregations,