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and learn why pull-up and pull-down resistors solve the floating-pin problem." -image: /arduino/assets/videos/Arduino_Button_InternalLED_Animation_Edited.gif +image: /arduino/assets/og/buttons.jpg nav_order: 1 parent: Input grand_parent: Intro to Arduino @@ -37,7 +37,9 @@ For example, in the animation below, we show a button circuit with a pull-down r > - How to use `digitalRead()` and `pinMode()` for digital input > - How to select appropriate pull-up/pull-down resistor values -![Animation showing an Arduino Uno and a button hooked up to Pin 2 with a pull-down resistor configuration. When the button is pressed, the animation shows the current going from Vcc through the button and down through the pull-down resistor](assets/videos/Arduino_Button_InternalLED_Animation_Edited.gif) + Animation shows the Arduino's built-in LED illuminating when the button on Pin 2 is pressed. When the button is pressed, current flows from $$V_{CC}$$ through the pull-down resistor to GND. We'll learn more about this circuit in this lesson. {: .fs-1 } @@ -177,7 +179,9 @@ Given how we built button-based circuits above—without a microcontroller—you However, if you do this, what will the digital input pin read when the switch is **open** (that is, when the button is **not** pressed)? Well, this is called a "floating pin" and it's not good. Because the input pin has extremely high impedance, it effectively acts like a tiny antenna—even minuscule charge transfers from nearby electric fields, your body's capacitance, or crosstalk between wires can swing the voltage. A floating pin is susceptible to picking up this stray electromagnetic interference, causing it to randomly oscillate between `HIGH` and `LOW`. See the animation below. -![Animation showing a floating pin condition when a button is just hooked up to 5V without a pull-down resistor](assets/videos/Arduino_Button_SchematicsAndDiagrams_PullDownResistorWalkthrough_Animation-FloatingPin-Optimized.gif) + **Figure.** Animation of what happens when you press a button with the simple circuit configuration. {: .fs-1 } @@ -223,7 +227,9 @@ And you're on the right track. Now, when the switch is open, the digital input p -![Animation showing a button circuit without a pull-down resistor causing a short when the button is pressed](assets/videos/Arduino_Button_SchematicsAndDiagrams_PullDownResistorWalkthrough_Animation-ShortCircuit-Optimized.gif) + **Figure.** Animation showing the effect of connecting `GND` without a resistor. A short circuit! {: .fs-1 } @@ -241,7 +247,9 @@ The pull-down resistor is quite large: 10,000Ω (10kΩ) Here's an animation showing how a pull-down resistor configuration works. Notice how (almost) none of the current goes into Pin 2. This is because, as stated above, the digital input pins “*are in a high-impedance state*” equivalent to a 100,000,000Ω (100MΩ) resistor (see [Arduino docs](https://docs.arduino.cc/learn/microcontrollers/digital-pins/)). And remember, microcontrollers read voltage, not current (so we don't need current into our input pin)! -![Animation showing the correct operation of digital input with a pull-down resistor configuration](assets/videos/Arduino_Button_SchematicsAndDiagrams_PullDownResistorWalkthrough_Animation-PullDownResistor-Optimized.gif) + And here's a video demonstrating the floating pin problem and fix: @@ -531,4 +539,4 @@ Things to remember: ## Tinkercad circuits - https://www.tinkercad.com/things/9skzhTypQRh-button-with-breadboard/ -- https://www.tinkercad.com/things/hlkxqsvSz2E-button-no-breadboard --> \ No newline at end of file +- https://www.tinkercad.com/things/hlkxqsvSz2E-button-no-breadboard --> diff --git a/arduino/force-sensitive-resistors.md b/arduino/force-sensitive-resistors.md index 17ef1259..6e9d1987 100644 --- a/arduino/force-sensitive-resistors.md +++ b/arduino/force-sensitive-resistors.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ layout: default title: L5: Force-Sensitive Resistors description: "Use force-sensitive resistors (FSRs) and other two-legged variable resistors with Arduino via a voltage divider, then build a force-controlled musical instrument with map() and tone()." -image: /arduino/assets/videos/FSR_LEDCircuit_ArduinoForPower_WorkbenchWithAmmeter.gif +image: /arduino/assets/og/force-sensitive-resistors.jpg nav_order: 5 parent: Input grand_parent: Intro to Arduino @@ -33,7 +33,9 @@ This lesson directly builds on the prior one ([potentiometers](potentiometers.md > - How to use `map()` to convert between different value ranges > - How to build a force-controlled musical instrument combining `analogRead` and `tone()` -![Animation showing an FSR pressing down and an LED getting brighter as resistance drops](assets/videos/FSR_LEDCircuit_ArduinoForPower_WorkbenchWithAmmeter.gif) + **Figure.** Animation shows how the resistance of the FSR drops with applied pressure (higher pressure, lower resistance, brighter LED). {: .fs-1 } @@ -312,4 +314,4 @@ You've come a long way — from blinking an LED to building force-controlled ins
← Previous Lesson
Potentiometers
- \ No newline at end of file + diff --git a/arduino/led-blink.md b/arduino/led-blink.md index 3e068963..718121e7 100644 --- a/arduino/led-blink.md +++ b/arduino/led-blink.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ layout: default title: L2: Blinking an LED description: "Write your first Arduino sketch to blink an LED by programmatically toggling a GPIO pin HIGH and LOW with digitalWrite()—your entrée into combining circuits and code." -image: /arduino/assets/videos/Arduino_LEDBlink_Pin3.gif +image: /arduino/assets/og/led-blink.jpg nav_order: 2 parent: Output grand_parent: Intro to Arduino @@ -30,7 +30,9 @@ In our [first lesson](led-on.md), we directly hooked up an LED circuit to the Ar In this lesson, we are going to do something more exciting: use the Arduino to turn the LED on and off by *programmatically* controlling the output voltage on one of Arduino's GPIO pins. This begins our entrée into the two key aspects of working with microcontrollers: (1) building circuits and (2) writing code to interact with those circuits. -![Animation showing an LED connected to Pin 3 on the Arduino blinking on and off](assets/videos/Arduino_LEDBlink_Pin3.gif) + @@ -184,7 +186,9 @@ We did it! Now it's time to compile and upload the code to Arduino. Compile the code by clicking on the "verify" checkmark button in the upper-left corner of the Arduino IDE. If you haven't already, the Arduino IDE will also ask you to save your sketch. If there are any syntax or other identifiable errors in the code, the Arduino IDE will print them out in the console window at the bottom. -![Animation showing how to compile and save a sketch in the Arduino IDE](assets/videos/ArduinoIDE_Compile.gif) + ### Step 5: Upload the code to Arduino @@ -202,7 +206,9 @@ Once uploading is complete, the code automatically runs on the Arduino and the L Here's an illustrative animation of what's happening in your circuit when the Arduino drives Pin 3 `HIGH`—hopefully, this matches your conceptual understanding as well: -![Animation showing the LED on Pin 3 turning on](assets/videos/Arduino_LEDTurnOn_Pin3ArduinoPluggedIn-Cropped.gif) + ## Turn on and off the LED programmatically via Pin 3 diff --git a/arduino/led-blink2.md b/arduino/led-blink2.md index c1d80809..a10a406b 100644 --- a/arduino/led-blink2.md +++ b/arduino/led-blink2.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ layout: default title: L6: Blinking Two LEDs description: "Understand current sourcing vs. current sinking by blinking two LEDs on a breadboard—one circuit where the Arduino pin sources current and one where it sinks it." -image: /arduino/assets/videos/Arduino_Blink2Animation_Pins3And4-NoSchematic-Optimized.gif +image: /arduino/assets/og/led-blink2.jpg nav_order: 6 parent: Output grand_parent: Intro to Arduino @@ -30,7 +30,9 @@ We are going to build two simple LED circuits: Yes, this can be a bit confusing at first ("*wait, the LED turns off when Pin 4 is `HIGH`?!?!*"). But you'll gain understanding by completing this lesson. In the animation below, pay attention to the current direction in each circuit. Notice how they're opposite! -![Animation showing how driving Pin 3 and 4 HIGH will turn on LED Circuit 1 and off LED Circuit 2 and driving those pins LOW will turn off LED Circuit 1 and on LED Circuit 2](assets/videos/Arduino_Blink2Animation_Pins3And4-NoSchematic-Optimized.gif) + ## Materials @@ -117,7 +119,9 @@ void loop() { We did it! Now compile and upload the code. -![Top-down workbench animated gif of the circuit working with Arduino](assets/videos/ArduinoUno_Blink2_Workbench.gif) + And here's a top-down video with the code window: @@ -168,4 +172,4 @@ In the [next lesson](rgb-led.md), we will use a new component—an RGB LED—to
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RGB LEDs
- \ No newline at end of file + diff --git a/arduino/led-blink3.md b/arduino/led-blink3.md index 5de0ca01..b1a8f871 100644 --- a/arduino/led-blink3.md +++ b/arduino/led-blink3.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ layout: default title: L9: Rate Blinking LEDs description: "Blink multiple LEDs at different rates without delay() and write your first C++ class to eliminate redundant code and shrink your Arduino sketch." -image: /arduino/assets/videos/ArduinoUno_BlinkMultiple_Workbench.gif +image: /arduino/assets/og/led-blink3.jpg nav_order: 9 parent: Output grand_parent: Intro to Arduino @@ -25,7 +25,9 @@ In this lesson, we will learn how to blink multiple LEDs at different rates and As with our previous lesson on [crossfading RGB LEDs](rgb-led-fade.md), this lesson involves **simple circuits** but comparatively **complex code**. Often, when using microcontrollers, our code is the magic sauce—the circuits are straightforward but the code can be complicated. -![Animated gif of a workbench video recording showing BlinkMultiple.ino](assets/videos/ArduinoUno_BlinkMultiple_Workbench.gif) + ## Background @@ -371,4 +373,4 @@ We did it! This completes our [Intro to Output](intro-output.md) series. Let's n
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Cross-fading RGB LEDs
- --> \ No newline at end of file + --> diff --git a/arduino/led-fade.md b/arduino/led-fade.md index 81bad170..8a75cb78 100644 --- a/arduino/led-fade.md +++ b/arduino/led-fade.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ layout: default title: L4: Fading an LED description: "Smoothly fade an LED on and off with Arduino's analogWrite() and pulse-width modulation (PWM), controlling output voltage at fine gradations beyond just HIGH/LOW." -image: /arduino/assets/videos/Arduino_LEDFade_Pin3.gif +image: /arduino/assets/og/led-fade.jpg nav_order: 4 parent: Output grand_parent: Intro to Arduino @@ -23,7 +23,9 @@ usetocbot: true In the [previous lesson](led-blink.md), we learned how to turn on and off an LED using [`digitalWrite`](https://www.arduino.cc/reference/en/language/functions/digital-io/digitalwrite/)—which worked by alternately setting Pin 3 to 5V (`HIGH`) and 0V (`LOW`). In this lesson, we'll learn how to programmatically control the output voltage at finer gradations using [`analogWrite`](https://www.arduino.cc/reference/en/language/functions/analog-io/analogwrite/). More specifically, we will gradually fade an LED on and off like the animation below illustrates. -![Animation showing the LED on Pin 3 gradually fading on and off](assets/videos/Arduino_LEDFade_Pin3.gif) + **Figure.** This illustrative animation doesn't show current (the yellow circles) only due to my limited animation skills. But hopefully you can visualize (in your mind) how the LED varies in brightness with current just the same. :) {: .fs-1 } @@ -304,4 +306,4 @@ In the [next lesson](tone.md), we'll learn how to play sounds on a piezo buzzer!
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Playing Tones
- \ No newline at end of file + diff --git a/arduino/led-on.md b/arduino/led-on.md index 5aa83414..d7ec8855 100644 --- a/arduino/led-on.md +++ b/arduino/led-on.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ layout: default title: L1: Turning on an LED description: "Your first Arduino activity: wire an LED to the 5V and GND pins to light it up—no code required—and build familiarity with Arduino hardware and current flow." -image: /arduino/assets/videos/Arduino_LEDOn_5VFixed_USBPower.gif +image: /arduino/assets/og/led-on.jpg nav_order: 1 parent: Output grand_parent: Intro to Arduino @@ -22,7 +22,9 @@ usetocbot: true --- For our first learning activity, we are going to use Arduino to turn on an [LED](../electronics/leds.md). We're **not** going to write any code. Instead, our goal is to build some initial familiarity with Arduino hardware and connecting components to Arduino pins before we introduce programming, which we do in the [next lesson](led-blink.md). -![Animation showing a USB cable plugging into an Arduino Uno to power an LED + resistor hooked up to 5V and GND](assets/videos/Arduino_LEDOn_5VFixed_USBPower.gif) + **Figure.** The movement of **current** in the circuit is illustrated by the animated yellow circles. This visualization is a coarse abstraction designed to emphasize the direction of current flow. A more accurate visualization would show that electrons are already distributed throughout a wire before a voltage is applied. See our [Introduction to Electronics](../electronics/index.md) series, specifically the lesson on [Voltage, Current, and Resistance](../electronics/electricity-basics.md). {: .fs-1 } @@ -62,7 +64,9 @@ Insert the LED + resistor into the Arduino: Make sure to push the legs down so they are well seated inside the Arduino's female headers. -![Animation of LED + resistor being connected to Arduino's GND and 5V ports](assets/videos/Arduino_LEDOn_5VFixed_InsertLED.gif) + ### Step 3: Connect your Arduino to power @@ -76,7 +80,7 @@ For power, you can use a USB cable (which supplies 5V) or a 9V battery (which su | USB Power | 9V Power | |:-------------|:------------------| -| ![Animation showing a USB cable plugging into an Arduino Uno to power an LED + resistor hooked up to 5V and GND](assets/videos/Arduino_LEDOn_5VFixed_USBPower-Cropped.gif) | ![Animation showing a 9V battery plugging into an Arduino Uno to power an LED + resistor hooked up to 5V and GND](assets/videos/Arduino_LEDOn_5VFixed_9VBattery-Cropped.gif) | +| | | | With USB power, the 5V pin supplies 5V | Using the Arduino's barrel jack, we can connect an external power supply like a 7-12V wall adapter or a 9V battery. The Arduino's internal voltage regulator reduces these higher voltages to output a clean 5V | {: .warning } @@ -341,4 +345,4 @@ In the next lesson, we will learn how to programmatically control the output vol
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Blinking an LED with Arduino
- \ No newline at end of file + diff --git a/arduino/potentiometers-old.md b/arduino/potentiometers-old.md index fd7a827d..a43972af 100644 --- a/arduino/potentiometers-old.md +++ b/arduino/potentiometers-old.md @@ -38,7 +38,9 @@ A [video](https://youtu.be/MJt9kSNlsU4) demonstration of a [trimpot](https://www A [potentiometer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potentiometer) (or pot) is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating contact that can be used to dynamically vary resistance. -![Animation showing how a potentiometer works](assets/videos/Potentiometer_Overview_Animation_TrimmedAndCropped.gif) + Animation shows how the wiper can be used to vary resistance. The figure on the right is the formal electrical symbol. {: .fs-1 } @@ -169,7 +171,9 @@ Here's one possible wiring for a potentiometer-based LED fading circuit: Once you're done, try simulating your circuit. Click the "Start Simulation" button (see animation below): -![Animation of the LED-based circuit with potentiometer working in the Tinkercad simulator](assets/videos/Potentiometer_LEDCircuitWithBackupResistor_Tinkercad2-Optimized.gif) + In the circuit above, we hooked up legs 2 and 3 of the potentiometer. What happens if you, instead, hook up legs 1 and 3 or 1 and 2? Try it! @@ -207,7 +211,9 @@ Note: when you drag over a multimeter, make sure you click on it and change the Here's our circuit with the ammeter running in the simulator. Does the simulation match your expectations? -![Animation of the LED-based circuit with potentiometer and ammeter working in the Tinkercad simulator](assets/videos/Potentiometer_LEDCircuitWithBackupResistor_WithMultimeter_Tinkercad.gif) + Because we have Leg 2 hooked to the positive voltage source and Leg 3 as our "output", as we move the wiper from left-to-right, there is a smaller amount of resistance and an increase in current. You'll notice a jump in current when the $$V_f$$ condition of the LED is met (recall the [LED IV curves](http://lednique.com/current-voltage-relationships/iv-curves/) from lecture). @@ -427,4 +433,4 @@ In the next lesson, we'll learn how to add a fixed resistor to a two-leg variabl
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Using force-sensitive resistors
- \ No newline at end of file + diff --git a/arduino/potentiometers.md b/arduino/potentiometers.md index d10c3afb..08bdd40d 100644 --- a/arduino/potentiometers.md +++ b/arduino/potentiometers.md @@ -126,7 +126,9 @@ Here's one possible wiring for a potentiometer-based LED fading circuit: Once you're done, try simulating your circuit. Click the "Start Simulation" button (see animation below): -![Animation of the LED-based circuit with potentiometer working in the Tinkercad simulator](assets/videos/Potentiometer_LEDCircuitWithBackupResistor_Tinkercad2-Optimized.gif) + In the circuit above, we hooked up legs 2 and 3 of the potentiometer. What happens if you, instead, hook up legs 1 and 3 or 1 and 2? Try it! @@ -164,7 +166,9 @@ Note: when you drag over a multimeter, make sure you click on it and change the Here's our circuit with the ammeter running in the simulator. Does the simulation match your expectations? -![Animation of the LED-based circuit with potentiometer and ammeter working in the Tinkercad simulator](assets/videos/Potentiometer_LEDCircuitWithBackupResistor_WithMultimeter_Tinkercad.gif) + Because we have Leg 2 hooked to the positive voltage source and Leg 3 as our "output", as we move the wiper from left-to-right, there is a smaller amount of resistance and an increase in current. You'll notice a jump in current when the $$V_f$$ condition of the LED is met (recall the [LED IV curves](../electronics/leds.md#the-iv-graph-for-leds) from our [LED lesson](../electronics/leds.md)). @@ -473,4 +477,4 @@ In the [next lesson](force-sensitive-resistors.md), we'll learn how to use **two
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Using force-sensitive resistors
- \ No newline at end of file + diff --git a/arduino/rgb-led.md b/arduino/rgb-led.md index 4831f478..f7a59c71 100644 --- a/arduino/rgb-led.md +++ b/arduino/rgb-led.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ layout: default title: L7: RGB LEDs description: "Drive an RGB LED through a sequence of colors with Arduino and learn the difference between common anode and common cathode RGB LED wiring." -image: /arduino/assets/videos/Arduino_RGBLED_CommonCathode-Optimized.gif +image: /arduino/assets/og/rgb-led.jpg nav_order: 7 parent: Output grand_parent: Intro to Arduino @@ -23,7 +23,9 @@ usetocbot: true In this tutorial, we will use an RGB LED (RGB stands for Red, Green, Blue) to flash through a sequence of colors and learn about the difference between a Common Anode and Common Cathode RGB LED design. -![Animation showing the RGB LED being set to various colors based on digital output on Pins 3, 5, and 6](assets/videos/Arduino_RGBLED_CommonCathode-Optimized.gif) + ## Materials @@ -293,4 +295,4 @@ In the next lesson, we will learn how to fade between RGB colors and how to conv
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Cross-fading RGB LEDs
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In the animation above, we are illustrating "electron flow" as a dotted green line, which flows from the negative terminal of the 9V battery, through an LED and resistor, and then back to the 9V battery to its positive terminal. Note that this is actually opposite from *conventional current* flow, but we'll get to that below. Animation from [The Engineering Mindset](https://youtu.be/kcL2_D33k3o). {: .fs-1 } @@ -112,7 +114,9 @@ Importantly, just like your home plumbing system, where water flows instantly ou This is similar to current in a circuit—atoms are tightly packed in a material with orbiting electrons. When a voltage is applied, these electrons start to "hop" from one atom to another through a conductor but do not instantly travel from A to B (see [video](https://youtu.be/OGa_b26eK2c?t=472)). -![An animated gif showing electrons hopping from atom to atom propelled by an applied voltage](assets/gifs/ElectronsFlowingFromAtomToAtomToMakeCurrent.gif) + {: .mx-auto .align-center } **Figure.** An animation of charges (electrons) hopping from atom-to-atom propelled by an applied voltage. This is a simplified model showing a wire (conductor) that is only a single atom thick but helps illustrate the cascading movement of electrons in current flow. Image from [What is Electricity?](https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/what-is-electricity) by [Sparkfun.com](https://www.sparkfun.com/). @@ -395,7 +399,9 @@ Could have posille's law here? --> ### What are resistors? -![An animated gif showing how resistors can be placed in a circuit to resist current flow.](assets/gifs/ResistorCurrentFlow_EngineeringMindset-Optimized.gif) + **Figure.** This animation shows how a resistor can be placed between two wires to reduce current flow. Notice how electrons flow freely through the copper wire. With the resistor, these electrons "collide" with other atoms and themselves, which restricts electron flow (and also transforms some energy as heat). Animation from [The Engineering Mindset](https://youtu.be/kcL2_D33k3o?t=891). {: .fs-1 } @@ -510,4 +516,4 @@ In the [next lesson](schematics.md), we will learn about visual representations
Next Lesson →
Circuit Schematics
- \ No newline at end of file + diff --git a/electronics/resistors.md b/electronics/resistors.md index 6c585ced..bf6b3848 100644 --- a/electronics/resistors.md +++ b/electronics/resistors.md @@ -33,7 +33,9 @@ In previous lessons, you learned about the [concept of resistance](electricity-b ## How do resistors work? -![An animated gif showing how resistors can be placed in a circuit to resist current flow.](assets/gifs/ResistorCurrentFlow_EngineeringMindset-Optimized.gif) + **Figure.** This animation shows how a resistor can be placed between two wires to reduce current flow. Notice how electrons flow freely through the copper wire. With the resistor, these electrons "collide" with other atoms and themselves, which transforms the electrical energy to thermal energy and induces a voltage drop. Animation from [The Engineering Mindset](https://youtu.be/kcL2_D33k3o?t=891). {: .fs-1 } @@ -237,4 +239,4 @@ In the [next lesson](leds.md), we will learn about light-emitting diodes and how
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LEDs
- \ No newline at end of file + diff --git a/esp32/assets/videos/Huzzah32_Blink-optimized.gif b/esp32/assets/videos/Huzzah32_Blink-optimized.gif deleted file mode 100644 index aeec76e9..00000000 Binary files a/esp32/assets/videos/Huzzah32_Blink-optimized.gif and /dev/null differ diff --git a/esp32/assets/videos/Huzzah32_Fade-optimized.gif b/esp32/assets/videos/Huzzah32_Fade-optimized.gif deleted file mode 100644 index 3d8e73cd..00000000 Binary files a/esp32/assets/videos/Huzzah32_Fade-optimized.gif and /dev/null differ diff --git a/esp32/assets/videos/Huzzah32_GPIOFadeTestAllPinsSimultaneously-Optimized3.gif b/esp32/assets/videos/Huzzah32_GPIOFadeTestAllPinsSimultaneously-Optimized3.gif deleted file mode 100644 index 3fd400fc..00000000 Binary files a/esp32/assets/videos/Huzzah32_GPIOFadeTestAllPinsSimultaneously-Optimized3.gif and /dev/null differ diff --git a/esp32/assets/videos/Huzzah32_GPIOFadeTestAllPinsSimultaneously-Optimized3.mp4 b/esp32/assets/videos/Huzzah32_GPIOFadeTestAllPinsSimultaneously-Optimized3.mp4 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cb8a76cf Binary files /dev/null and b/esp32/assets/videos/Huzzah32_GPIOFadeTestAllPinsSimultaneously-Optimized3.mp4 differ diff --git a/esp32/assets/videos/Huzzah32_PotFade-optimized.gif b/esp32/assets/videos/Huzzah32_PotFade-optimized.gif deleted file mode 100644 index 873136d9..00000000 Binary files a/esp32/assets/videos/Huzzah32_PotFade-optimized.gif and /dev/null differ diff --git a/esp32/esp32.md b/esp32/esp32.md index c7d526f2..1d138732 100644 --- a/esp32/esp32.md +++ b/esp32/esp32.md @@ -188,7 +188,9 @@ The Huzzah32 uses the original ESP32 chip. The pin layout differs from the ESP32 - The charge LED will blink rapidly when no LiPoly battery is plugged in—this is harmless. - Power via USB (max 5V, 1A) or LiPoly battery (3.7/4.2V) only. **Do not** use a 9V battery! -![Animation of all 18 GPIO output pins fading in and out on the Huzzah32](assets/videos/Huzzah32_GPIOFadeTestAllPinsSimultaneously-Optimized3.gif) + **Figure.** The Huzzah32 has 21 GPIO pins, but pins 34, 39, and 36 are input-only. Here, all 21 GPIO pins are set to fade—only 18 produce output. {: .fs-1 } @@ -289,4 +291,4 @@ In the [next lesson](led-blink.md), you will write your first ESP32 program to b
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Blink an LED with ESP32
- \ No newline at end of file + diff --git a/sensors/assets/videos/HallEffectAnimation_HowToMechatronics-Optimized.gif b/sensors/assets/videos/HallEffectAnimation_HowToMechatronics-Optimized.gif deleted file mode 100644 index cd9178ba..00000000 Binary files a/sensors/assets/videos/HallEffectAnimation_HowToMechatronics-Optimized.gif and /dev/null differ diff --git a/sensors/assets/videos/HallEffectAnimation_HowToMechatronics-Optimized.mp4 b/sensors/assets/videos/HallEffectAnimation_HowToMechatronics-Optimized.mp4 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..98b4a2cb Binary files /dev/null and b/sensors/assets/videos/HallEffectAnimation_HowToMechatronics-Optimized.mp4 differ diff --git a/sensors/assets/videos/Hall_sensor_tach_Wikipedia.gif b/sensors/assets/videos/Hall_sensor_tach_Wikipedia.gif deleted file mode 100644 index 871e6cd4..00000000 Binary files a/sensors/assets/videos/Hall_sensor_tach_Wikipedia.gif and /dev/null differ diff --git a/sensors/assets/videos/HowAReedSwitchWorks_Wikipedia.gif b/sensors/assets/videos/HowAReedSwitchWorks_Wikipedia.gif deleted file mode 100644 index 29845af8..00000000 Binary files a/sensors/assets/videos/HowAReedSwitchWorks_Wikipedia.gif and /dev/null differ diff --git a/sensors/assets/videos/HowAReedSwitchWorks_Wikipedia.mp4 b/sensors/assets/videos/HowAReedSwitchWorks_Wikipedia.mp4 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f66c566f Binary files /dev/null and b/sensors/assets/videos/HowAReedSwitchWorks_Wikipedia.mp4 differ diff --git a/sensors/assets/videos/ReedSwitchAnimation-Optimized.gif b/sensors/assets/videos/ReedSwitchAnimation-Optimized.gif deleted file mode 100644 index 7c6c4f36..00000000 Binary files a/sensors/assets/videos/ReedSwitchAnimation-Optimized.gif and /dev/null differ diff --git a/sensors/assets/videos/ReedSwitchAnimation-Optimized.mp4 b/sensors/assets/videos/ReedSwitchAnimation-Optimized.mp4 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..10c1f09e Binary files /dev/null and b/sensors/assets/videos/ReedSwitchAnimation-Optimized.mp4 differ diff --git a/sensors/hall-effect.md b/sensors/hall-effect.md index c82c1467..fe9665aa 100644 --- a/sensors/hall-effect.md +++ b/sensors/hall-effect.md @@ -47,7 +47,9 @@ Electricity and magnetism have long captured human interest but were considered Enter Edwin Hall. As a PhD student at Johns Hopkins in 1879, Hall discovered the "Hall effect", which is the production of a small voltage difference across an electrical conductor **transverse** to the electric current when a magnetic field is applied ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_effect#Discovery)). This [animation](https://youtu.be/wpAA3qeOYiI) by "How to Mechatronics" helps demonstrate the effect. When a magnet is introduced, it repels negative charges to one side of the conductor creating an asymmetric distribution of charge (perpendicular to the flow of current) on the conductor. This separation of charge establishes a new electric field with a small electric potential (often in the millivolts), which can be measured by a multimeter or similar device. -![Animation of Hall Effect](assets/videos/HallEffectAnimation_HowToMechatronics-Optimized.gif) + Animation from ["How to Mechatronics"](https://youtu.be/wpAA3qeOYiI) {: .fs-1 } @@ -113,7 +115,7 @@ While some Hall effect sensors produce binary output (`HIGH` or `LOW`) and thus, | Reed Switch Animation | Slow Motion Activation Video | | ---------- | ----------- | -| ![Reed switch slow-mo video](assets/videos/ReedSwitchAnimation-Optimized.gif) | ![Reed switch animation](assets/videos/HowAReedSwitchWorks_Wikipedia.gif) | +| | | The slow-motion activation video is from [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_switch). {: .fs-1 } diff --git a/website-dev.md b/website-dev.md index fa2eb9b1..19de382c 100644 --- a/website-dev.md +++ b/website-dev.md @@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ page-specific instead of falling back to the generic site description and card. layout: default title: L4: Fading an LED description: "Smoothly fade an LED on and off with Arduino's analogWrite() and pulse-width modulation (PWM), controlling output voltage at fine gradations beyond just HIGH/LOW." -image: /arduino/assets/videos/Arduino_LEDFade_Pin3.gif +image: /arduino/assets/og/led-fade.jpg nav_order: 4 parent: Output ---